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Learn how your comment data is processed. Is it compulsory to write Assignment in Own Handwriting? Where to Submit the Handwritten Solved Assignment? Is there any Format for Cover Page for Assignment? Ed Assignment Cover Page? Link: Download Q5. What is the Last Date for Assignment Submission? Roosevelt is partially responsible for this wick- ed act of treason In clear-cut contrast to the U.

Historians esti- mate that even up to It is indeed a shock- ingly high number. Roosevelt sent two telegrams to Stalin in which he pled for prompt release of the U. Stalin lamely explained, to express it mildly, that they all fled to Man- 37 D. Do ug la s, Betrayed, Also D. West ex- tensively elaborated on this problem in the 11th chapter of her book, see: D.

W e st, Wielk- ie B ut ler ed. Roosevelt and Joseph V. W es t, Wielkie…, pp. Afterwards, the presidential administration resigned from next attempts of bringing imprisoned American military men back home Both British and U. Nonetheless, at the top of the U.

An- other Soviet crime had to be swept under the rug. When the U. I am absolutely convinced the Russians did not do this. Once more, what comes here to mind is the question: Was Roosevelt really so stupid to believe the Soviet version of events or did he only pretend to be stupid ahead of G. Moscow was not chastised in order not to slight Sta- lin.

Amicable relations between great powers had to be perpetuated. Opponents of this policy within the White House were jettisoned like G.

Earle who was sent to remote Samoan Islands after he had suggested to Roosevelt that he 41 B. B ut ler, Roosevelt…, p. The Katyn Forest Massacre. Wash- ington , p. Behind the scenes of the first of the mentioned conferences, the U. What is more, this conversation took place in total secrecy from the Brits Sometimes one may get an impression that for the U.

Roosevelt responded lying through his teeth that unlike Churchill he had not broached this issue and that he had objected, again in contrast to Churchill and again in blatant disregard for truth, to the change of borders. They only were content with 46 FDR ordered G. In fact, purposes that the U.

As a matter of fact, crucial decisions in Livadia Palace, in a beautiful resort at Crimean Peninsula, were taken in private talks of Stalin and Roosevelt. Churchill was notified of them later His impact on the decisions made there was significantly con- strained. And this is the U. FDR mistakenly calculated that if the Soviet empire got security guaran- tees, it would respect all the established agreements and accords As later course of developments proved, these calculations were, to put it euphemistical- ly, unduly sanguine.

Sly Soviet dictator, in contravention of his earlier obliga- tions, fully subjugated Poland as well as the rest of Central and Eastern Europe imposing on it atrocious and brutal Soviet-style totalitarian regimes. Should not the White House expect these things? When the Warsaw Uprising broke out, Churchill and Roosevelt together asked generalissimus Stalin to make airbases situated at the lands east of the Polish capital city and occupied by Soviet troops available for landing of Brit- ish and American bombers that took off from airbases in Britain and southern Italy and were conducting supply missions to the Polish partisans Such a consent would considerably facilitate the task for Anglo-American pilots.

Stalin declined, therefore unambiguously presenting a lack of goodwill on the part of him. After this decision George Kennan ultimately lost any delusions about future relations between the Western powers and the Soviet empire. But even that did not convince Roosevelt to change his optimistic views about Soviet leadership and the U. In short, to satisfy and soothe Stalin. There is strong and convincing evidence that FDR, at least to some extent, knew about unfriendly Soviet actions in the U.

B ul lo c k, Hitler i Stalin, vol. To give just one example of such an action, on May 16th, — soon before the visit of Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov to the United States — Earl Browder, an infamous leader of the equally infamous CPUSA, had been released from the custody FDR did not hold the U. When whistleblower, Whittaker Chambers, decided to testify about his experiences as a former member of CPUSA and a Soviet agent, FDR personally endeavored to put an end to an investigation into that matter pursued by a congressman Martin Dies and later, in an act of a mean revenge, hindered his political career Revealingly, Soviets dared to draw up a list of the U.

Analysts em- ployed in the Department of State with anti-communist outlook were systemat- ically and consequentially either marginalized or fired from their positions In such a manner, withholding of weighty information regarding the U. Thus, unfavorable for Moscow books and news- paper articles were routinely censored by the Office of War Information — the institution swarmed with Soviet agents of influence65 and communists In- 58 W.

Nas h , Hoover Institution Press, Stanford , p. Wes t, Wielkie…, pp. Eva n s, Blacklisted by History, New York , p. Davies were promoted in the media. Soviet espionage infiltration of the U. Impressively, Soviet intelligence managed to penetrate the highest rank of the American political establishment.

An American historian — Robert K. All these people not only were gathering information for Moscow, but also impacted on the U. Senator McCarthy was right when he later talked that our government was swarmed with com- munists. Army Signal Intelligence Service — the forerunner of the latter National Security Agency — since February intercepted and gleaned cryp- tograms that had been dispatched through telegraph lines by employees of the Soviet diplomatic posts in the U.

For more on the role and specificity of agents of influence, see: A. Eva n s, H. The former U. Of those , more than were assessed as recruited Soviet agents. It is probable that the majority of these were the low-level contacts which are the staple currency of all intelli- gence networks. But some were of major importance. Fourteen agents appeared to be operating in or close to the OSS, five agents had access, to one degree or another, to the White House, including one who, according to the traffic, trav- eled in Ambassador Averill Harriman's private airplane back from Moscow to the USA.

Most damaging of all, the Russians had a chain of agents inside the American atomic weapons development program, and another with access to almost every document of importance which passed between the British and U. The frameworks of this text make it impossible to elaborate on that matter too much — there were absolutely too many Soviet spies around FDR to de- scribe extensively their influence on him in a relatively short text, albeit three of them deserve special attention.

The foregoing spies were probably the most influential, the most efficient and the most detrimental to the interests of the U. Alger Hiss was a premier U. He was an agent of Soviet military intelligence — GRU. W rig ht, P. Gree n gra s s , Spycatcher, Richmond , p.

For Polish translation of this passage, see: P. Because of him, without doubt, Stalin had a significant advantage over the rest of the so-called Big Three whilst they negotiated a postwar order in Yalta Although Hiss was adamant that his role in Yalta was at the most auxiliary, contemporary historians do not give credence to his claims.

On the contrary, currently it is broadly believed that he exerted a significant impact on final arrangements enacted in Yalta and when the things were getting too hot for him, he just wanted to maximally belittle his role. In reality, Hiss prepared many U. Soon the inconvenient report mysteriously vanished from the archives Guess who might have had a hand in it! In short, he was a very efficacious agent of influence. Harry Dexter White was even more damaging to the U. De facto, he was the second most important official in the Department of Treasury He was the one who established details of Lend-Lease program, a major beneficiary of which was the Soviet Union Within the frame of this operation Soviets used their intelligence assets both in Japan, and in America in such a way to make these two countries fight each other.

By this, 73 R. O ver y, op. Ro mer st ei n, E. B re i nd el, The Venona…, pp. B re i nd el, The Venona…, p. For extensive information on this subject, see: A. Not dwelling upon the subject, H.

White was asked by his Soviet case officer to add new demands addressed to Japan into the U. Imperial Japan, after receiving these claims, took a fate- ful decision to set off for war with the USA. Publicly charged with being a So- viet spy, H. White died three days after he had emphatically denied all charg- es testifying during official hearing in Congress. Reportedly, he got a heart attack At least that was told to the public.

Was his death natural? Personally, I doubt it. It is more arguable that he was poisoned or eliminated in other way. Unquestionably, the most valuable Soviet agent in the U. Hopkins undoubtedly stands out in the history of espio- nage. His work for Moscow gave it more advantages and favors than even espi- onage practiced by another famous spy who worked for communist power — Richard Sorge Evidence damning Hopkins for espionage for Soviet intelligence is very serious, if not irrefutable.

Oleg Gordievsky — a former KGB colonel who in secrecy worked for British intelligence and later fled to the West — recollected that once he attended a special lecture for KGB officers at which the experienced KGB officer giving lecture discussed the topic of Har- ry Hopkins — the most helpful Soviet agent in the U. Harry Hopkins was a kind of grey eminence in the White House. He was the closest aide of the president.

He had larger sway on the president than anybody else, not barring the first lady — Eleanor Roosevelt87 and the first daughter — Alice Longworth. FDR liaised with Hopkins for many years. He hinged on Hopkins greatly. Roosevelt and Hopkins were very close friends. S c hec ter and L.

Sc he ct er, op. An extensive and perhaps the best study on the operation Snow is the following mono- graph: J. R and, in consequence, to repulse Wehrmacht and win a crucial battle of Moscow in winter And re w, O.

Go rd ij e ws ki , KGB, Warszawa , p. See: K. According to Averell Harriman, Harry Hopkins was the only person from Western delega- tions to whom Stalin showed signs of personal sympathy One may say that Hopkins was irreplaceable both for Roosevelt, and for Stalin. Hopkins pursued many conversations with Churchill and Stalin. He attend- ed the bulk of meetings of the Big Three and Big Two in different configura- tions. He was the one who promoted officials in the White House. Stettinius on his part had suspiciously close relationships with, besides Hopkins, Hiss too Many officials employed in the White House ei- ther formally or informally came under Hopkins.

Hopkins did irreparable dam- age to the cause of the Free World. Hopkins was the chief of Lend-Lease pro- gram. Once George C. Marshall expressed his opinion on "Hopkins' job with the president" as being "to represent the Russian interests" Marshall opined this in Did he already known that year that Hopkins was a traitor?

He was the main follower of the offensive in France and, con- currently, a main opponent of the offensive in the Balkans amongst all U. Hopkins even dared to rebuke Churchill for his constant and persistent attempts of forcing through invasion on Balkans. According to gen. Clark, at some point of time Roosevelt seri- ously considered an organization of offensive at the eastern shores of the Adri- atic Sea, but Hopkins successfully discouraged the president from this idea He induced the U.

W es t, Blinding History, DianaWest. W est , Wielkie…, pp. Clar k, op. Ro ll , op. Hopkins convinced Roosevelt that Warsaw problem will be solved by sure win of Soviets at the eastern front, so there was no need for the U. Hopkins eclipsed every other official in the White House as regards the influ- ence he had on the decision-making process and he eclipsed every other Soviet spy as to usefulness for the communist cause. His influence on Roosevelt was profound. Especially, in the last months when ailing FDR struggled with serious illness, Soviet agents took the matters into their hands to the point in which FDR de facto became incapacitated.

Troublingly, not only the White House had been heavily penetrated by So- viet spies. As well, Soviet intelligence managed to recruit a good deal of spies inside American nuclear program Even the boss of this program, Robert Oppenheimer, betrayed by subtle and indirect cooperation with Soviet intelli- gence — though he personally did not make secret documents available to Sovi- ets, he tacitly approved revealing of secrets to them by his subordinates Of all press conferences the U.

It happened from the initiative of asking journalist. In effect, the ship was forced to return to Germany. Most of these unlucky people later died in Holocaust. In addition, Washington did not press for Cuban authorities to re- ceive refugees — Havana was an original destination of the voyage, but over its course Cuban government changed the laws in a such a way that every earlier permission for entry unexpectedly had been canceled. Suprisingly enough, there was not a single mentioning of Jews in this declaration although about 5 millions of them had been exterminated so far.

James G. Interesting information about Soviet-American race for construction of nuclear bomb is included in: R. Sn yd e r, Skrwawione…, Warszawa , p. For sure, FDR had a credible intelligence information about ongoing Shoah at least since August Over time information was becoming increasingly more accurate and precise The White House never ordered bombardment of the concentration and death camps, despite the fact that since December Auschwitz-Birkenau was in reach of allied bombers taking off from the airbas- es in southern Italy.

Since the spring of Western powers had an absolute superiority in the air in the European theatre of operation. On August and Sep- tember American bombers two times bombed factories situated very close to Auschwitz-Birkenau, however, gas chambers had never been bombed. The decision not to bomb Auschwitz-Birkenau was taken almost instantly, after less than 24 hours of analysis — amazingly quickly taking into account its vast im- portance for lives of tens of thousands of people Knowing that fact, can we believe that this problem was thoroughly discussed and considered in the U.

The predominant majority of Jewish leaders re- peatedly asked the White House for bombing the Auschwitz-Birkenau death firmly opting for this unrealized action First and foremost, one thing could be done for certain. Washington could publicly warn or threaten governments of the Third Reich and its satellite states that they would suffer very serious consequences if they continued with the extermination of Jewish population.

Actually, at least Alan Dulles suggested such a step Well, the White House certainly did not overreact on this problem. Churchill was incomparably more eloquent and firm in support of the European Jews than his partner from behind the ocean Jan Karski — probably the most famous wartime emissary of the Polish government in exile — met and talked with the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, the Secretary of War, Henry Stimson and with the president Franklin D.

Roo- sevelt. In all these conversations he broached the incredibly paramount question of genocide being perpetrated at that time on the Jews on areas taken over by the Third Reich. He appealed for an immediate action, bombardment of railway R. Med o ff, James G. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, Criminals will be punished. Most obviously, FDR preferred to talk about peculiarities and complexities of the Polish farming.

They concerned crucial issues and vitally important prob- lems. However, not wanting to vex Stalin, Roosevelt agreed to the prevailing majority of his numerous calls and claims. Roosevelt, , YouTube. Interestingly, the passage infavorable for FDR has been omitted in translation in first of the sources men- tioned above. Instead, he persistently clang to his theory of convergence and other debatable views re- garding the Soviet state and his leader which from the prospect of time seem to be nothing more than a typical wishful thinking.

FDR treated Stalin as a man with whom he could reach a durable accommodation. Stalin treated FDR as his political challenger. Stalin frequently and strongly pursued the U.

For these very reasons, FDR must be named a dupe, for want of a better word It takes two to tango, but the contemporary leader of the American nation did not want to understand it. Roosevelt might have not wanted a confrontation with the Soviet state, but Sta- lin headed for this exact confrontation. Lau- rence Steinhardt, on his part, warned FDR that Stalin understood only a lan- guage of force and every concession from the White House towards Moscow was interpreted there as a manifestation of weakness Roosevelt regrettably ignored all these and many other similar warnings and cautions.

FDR was not a juggler of foreign policy, but rather a clown. The Soviet Union was, at least equally if not more, contingent on the Western powers, as the Western powers were contingent on the Soviet Union in their struggle with the Nazi empire. Stalin so desperately needed help of the West that he did not hesitate to ask London for sending a H. Kis s i n ger, op. See: D. Lend-Lease could have been an excellent bargaining cheap if only FDR had a will to take advantage of this card.

Keep in mind that the western most industrialized and most heavily popu- lated part of the Soviet Union was ravaged and devastated by war in bright con- trast to the territory of the continental United States, which remained untouched by hostilities. Additionally, Roosevelt ought to be burdened with responsibility for pro- longing the bloody war in Europe. Churchill did not want to proclaim uncondi- tional surrender of Germany as an objective of the war.

In retrospect, it seems that Churchill was right. Information of such plans immediately and unavoidably resulted in heightened morale of German troops and, in consequence, killed more soldiers on all Euro- pean fronts. Dissensions between Churchill and Roosevelt were not irreconcila- ble at all. Roosevelt, who is even today so vaunted for his purportedly skillful foreign policy, be it willingly or not, contributed to it. Crediting FDR vast foreign policy achievements is a misunderstanding.

Regrettably, so many peo- ple still are buying this official line, full of lies and half truths. See: A. Ma c Rae, op. Instead of clamping down on Soviet spies he principally did nothing. Not wanting to anger Stalin he pre- ferred to ignore the obvious facts. His guilt is all the more grave because he knew what was happening. And Soviet spies — he should add as well. FDR ought to have instantly get rid of such people from his environment. He did not do this. Paradoxically, by this inaction Roosevelt partly confirmed his opponent Thom- as Dewey who charged him with procommunist sympathies Download Cover page stock photos.

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