2009 irc pdf free download

However, from landscape considerations it will be desirable to adopt gentler slopes with corners rounded off smoothly. Flatter slopes improve appearance, prevent erosion, permit seeding, encourage growth of grass and contribute to road safety.

In cuttings more than 6 m deep, it will be good practice to provide benches at intermediate heights alongwith softening of profile at top and bottom so that the long cutting slopes fit into the landscape comfortably. High embankments, espe'cially at isolated over bridge crossings, warrant similar care and effort in design to avoid looking unduly conspicuous in the natural skyline.

In these cases, satisfactory treatment will usually require taking of more land for contouring. Seeding may be done on freshly graded slopes concurrently with grading or immediately thereafter.

Grass is the basic erosion control material for highways but it requires maintenance. The primary function of grass is to stabilize slopes against erosion until voluntary shrubs, trees and weeds can establish themselves on the slopes.

Rapid growing species with inconspicuous flowers may be preferred from the point of view of maximum survival and avoidance of artificial effects. The governing principle should be preservation of natural growth and use of local varieties of grass, creepers and shrubs. Where low growing shrubs are used as ground cover, they are better planted in irregular masses or colonies rather than in rows. In heavy rainfall areas, preference should be given to broad leaf shrubs as they have better resistance against erosion.

From landscape angle, the concern is mostly with surface water. Any ponding of water either on the roadway or in an uncontrolled manner on the adjoining road land is not only injurious to the road structure, but also not permissible from landscape angle.

In many cases, it should be possible to develop low-lying areas by the roadside into beauty spots by a suitable plantation scheme taking advantage of the natural tendency for water to pond. Shoulders should also have the requisite slope and there should not be any break in profile between the pavement and shoulder.

Side drains should be properly connected to natural outfalls. The drainage system should be so located that merges into the surrounding it landscape. Where necessary, intercepting drains should be provided and other measures taken to protect natural surfaces from water erosion.

Desirably, the borrow areas selected, as also the waste disposal areas, should not be visible from the highway if it can be so managed. Basic requirement is that the neighbouring ground should be rendered acceptable in appearance. To achieve this, the cut faces should be moulded to a flatter slope and the corners rounded off.

Bottom of the pits should be sloped towards available natural outfalls so that water does not stagnate. If the borrow area is sufficiently large, possibility of converting it into a water spot to serve as a landscape feature should be explored. This should not be left over as a secondary task but regarded as a part of the project itself. Unless this is done with care, the highway landscaping will not be complete. Plants placed wrongly or badly maintained may, in fact, mar the environment and cause danger to high speed traffic through obstruction of sight distance, risk of collision with tree trunks, and skidding caused by fallen leaves.

For detailed guidelines about roadside arboriculture, refer to Section In hilly mountainous terrain, retaining walls and breast walls are a frequent occurrence. Design and construction of all such structures requires care so that these blend well into the natural landscape without being out of scale with the surroundings. In larger cities the position is still more difficult because of almost continuous built-up areas along the existing roads.

Due to these differences, urban landscape efforts normally require more careful and skillful designs to plan and execute than rural highways.

It is, therefore, necessary that landscape requirements of these roads be given due consideration at the time of preparation of such plans. Guiding principles should be that the road fits into the city surroundings and is so landscaped that it has a healthy effect on the development of adjoining areas.

Overall attempt should be that residents, pedestrians and road users all derive maximum possible benefit and enjoyment. Guidelines with regard to design of different cross-section elements from landscape angle given in para 4. The services should be so located and planned that these do not interfere, in any way, with traffic operations and are not out of scale with overall appearance of the road. On urban highways the medians should be provided with a continuous line of shrubs to cut off headlight dazzle.

However, in such cases where the median is too narrow say upto 1. Narrow medians may be covered with suitable contrasting material or paved with hard materials like chequered tiles for improving the appearance. The relationship of the height of the retaining wall to the width of the roadway is important from the stand-point of appearance. Retaining walls may be faced with stone masonry to yield an attractive appearance. As a better alternative, creepers could be trained on the retaining walls to beautify the surroundings.

Desirably, all unpaved areas in the highway cross-section should be provided with erosion-proof turf to prevent soil from being carried into the storm sewer system. Lack of effective erosion control may result in unsightly small channels or eroded areas, which may be costly to repair. Landscape treatment of such pits should be taken up on lines discussed in Para 4. The land width may vary from an extremely narrow strip, enabling only limited opportunities for planting, to areas of sufficient width, which have all the space required for this purpose.

At the same time, if suitable plantation in the form of shrubs, flower beds, avenue trees, etc. Road intersections occur more frequently and are usually of different type compared to rural highways.

Some relevant aspects in this regard are brought out in Section 6. The following points may be kept in view in this regard: i The bridge structure including appurtenants like railings, parapet walls etc. The general character of the surrounding land, its topography flat, rolling, hill etc. It is equally important that the scale and height of the new bridge should be in consonance with the setting. For instance, coarse finished or stone-faced structures will be more appropriate in forest areas.

Where possible, the approaches to major bridges should be so aligned that the bridge is visible from a distance and catches the eye of tne road users, thereby breaking the monotony of travel. The transition should be smooth and gradual for better appearance and safety. RC:SP" Fig. Proper thought should be given to the layout and choice of material for the rails so that these easily blend with the surrounding landscape. Proper landscaping of the traffic islands and the surrounding areas should integrate these features with the surrounding landscape.

The lay out of traffic intersections should be fixed by the traffic needs of the junction. The landscape design should consider the basic standards of height limitations, appropriate sight lines and other geometric design elements that are applicable to each type of traffic intersection.

In rural areas, these are generally of channelised type. Occasionally, rotaries with low kerbs for the central island are also used. Grade-separated interchange may also be necessary in certain urban and rural locations. Appropriate landscaping measures at these locations can improve the aesthetics as well as contribute to safety.

While the actual landscape treatment will depend on the individual site conditions, the following guidelines will be helpful: i The intersection should be visible for sufficient distance from all the approaching roads; ii Smooth flowing lines and liberal turning curves will improve the appearance, besides safety. Central island sand corners of rotaries offer great potentiality for such a treatment. In such cases, particularly in urban areas, provision of fountains and coloured lighting in the central island will not only enhance the overall aesthetics but also provide a place for rest and recreation Figs.

Effort should be to make the interchange complex as less out of scale with the surroundings as possible. While preparing the detailed design of the ramps, loops and interchanges, planning should be done with the help of landscaping architects. The sign system can be made more pleasing by treating an entire road section in one go, instead of sporadic actions at individual locations.

On the whole, there should be no proliferation or clustering of signs, especially in conjunction with different utility posts, which could lead to unsightly conditions. A typical design for a roadside railing in urban areas is shown in Fig. In historic towns or other areas of special architectural character and on roads having completely open vistas, the effect of some forms of lighting installations which tend to be over prominent can be completely devastating to the surroundings.

Special care in the selection of lighting fixtures is, as such, necessary. But it should be carefully planned with the help of an architect. Similarly, green cover in the form of turfing stabilizes steep slopes and high embankment. Overall consideration should be that the amenities fit into the natural surroundings and are designed and treated in such a way that these form a part of general road landscape. These may be in the form of rest houses specially developed for the purpose.

In the selection of individual sites, due consideration should be given to the topography, existing vegetation growth, scenic and historic values, cost of land, land use pattern, availability of facilities like water supply, sewerage etc. Accommodation for over-night stay may also be provided, where feasible. The lawns may be provided with proper footpaths to preserve the grass. Footpaths should be planned and constructed in a manner that these become part of the landscape.

Suitable plantation for screening the noise of moving vehicles on the highway may also be provided. The benches could be made of wooden logs, stones etc. All these aspects should be carefully planned in consideration with the natural surroundings. These must provide the same basic facilities as at roadside rest areas vide para 7.

The trees and shrubs should be of hardy type. In order to break harshness of the big parking area, some green pockets should also be developed. As regards open area, would be advantageous to go for a combination of it paving and grassing so as to reduce maintenance cost. Proper screen planting may also be required to insulate the area from the highway. Typical layout for a truck park is shown in Figs. They serve a purpose similar to roadside rest places, except that these are smaller in size, have comparatively limited facilities and are intended to be used for short periods, mainly for stoppage of buses.

Because of the nature of their usage, the spacing of such lay byes is generally much closer than full-fledged rest areas. On busy trunk routes, may be it desirable to aim at a spacing of about km. At times, may be advantageous to start it with a smaller off-strip parking place and develop it gradually into a bigger rest area. If feasible, the position of off-strip parking places should be adjusted to combine with any natural scenic lookouts by the side of the road.

Benches and tables and a small shelter could also be provided for the facility of drivers. The architectural treatment of these features should be such that they merge with the surroundings and do not appear isolated.

Similarly, if any railing is provided, itappearance and made of should be rustic in local materials. An important consideration should be that the maintenance cost is minimum. All the same, it should be ensured that these do not adversely affect the natural beauty.

All efforts should be made to blend the service stations with the natural landscape by choosing suitable designs for structures and necessary planting. These are in addition to the basic design considerations discussed in this Manual, which remain the same. A lot depends on the space available for providing noise barriers.

Within the limitations of the available space, physical noise barriers and plantations can be combined to reduce the noise levels considerably. At these sites the first row should be of tall shrub of 1. Species like Cassia alata, Cassia biflora, Hemelia patens, etc are used for this purpose. The intermediate rows may have flowering trees like Amaltas, Gulmohar, Kachnar etc.

As far as possible, three rows of plantation may be planted for reducing the noise levels. To minimize these effects, it will be desirable to create a thick green buffer between the highway and the industrial area, using plants which can safely grow in such environment. In such cases, aquatic plants like water lilies, lotus, etc.

For plantation details, refer to Section 1 1 8. As far as possible, local plants should be preferred from the angle of easier maintenance and bringing up. Where it is not possible to grow plants for this purpose all along the road, effort should be to develop at least smaller pockets at intervals which could also act as rest areas. Such rest areas in the desert will be able to provide considerable relief to road users in intense heat. For more details about plantation, refer to Section 11 8.

Only under unavoidable circumstances, a road may be planned with restricted ROW. But wherever road passes through animal corridor, it may be ascertained that there is minimum disturbance to the forest and the animal life. This is illustrated in Fig. By selective thinning and pruning of vegetation, contrasting views could be developed so as to break the monotony of travel, Fig.

At the same time, the road should not be so conspicuous and close to the waterline that there is an adverse effect on the overall surroundings. For instance, the route could be located behind sparingly planted groups of trees which will permit full views to the travellers and yet disturbance as regards visitors to the beach will not be so much.

At places, dense plantation could be made use of to screen private areas and undesirable views. Yet, every possibility of beautifying the landscape should be investigated and feasible steps taken. The inventory should be depicted on linear plans together with indication about potential locations where scenic lay byes, roadside parks, group plantations etc.

The existing features and roadside shoulders should be maintained properly. If available land width is insufficient to implement this programme, acquisition of additional land should be seriously considered keeping in view the following requirements: i To provide flatter side slopes in cuts and fills alongwith contouring of the adjacent land.

On existing roads, the following points deserve special consideration: i Adopting an integrated scheme of planting so that the new trees and shrubs go well with existing vegetation.

Where there is a steep fall in levels along the drain, small weirs may be constructed at intervals to allow the water to fall in cascades, which will create a pleasant effect. Similarly, old tree stumps should be removed and the area made presentable by suitable means. For example, grass mowing should be at intervals governed by growth rates, fertilizing of turf maximum growth periods and selective should precede pruning of plants should precede the dormant period.

Some items of roadside maintenance such as tree removal and tree care, which are not seasonal, may be scheduled for other periods. The dust may settle on roadside plants and shrubs and spoil their beauty. Where the problem is acute, plants and shrubs should be periodically given a wash to remove the dust.

For proper selection of plant, native plant species have been recommended for different climatic regions. In Appendix-I principal details of each of the species, such as, their name in different languages, characteristics of growth and the suggested location of use has been described.

Besides, it is the cheapest way of landscape improvement. Trees have innumerable direct and indirect benefits of supplying timber and fuel at maturity. During their life time, they supply fodder, fruits, seeds, help in controlling soil erosion and water conservation, offer shade and are oxygen producing industries to combat ever increasing air pollution Appendix-ll.

Big foliage trees also help in reducing noise and dust pollution. The planting species are decided based on the physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage pattern, growth rate, branching pattern, soil characteristics and conditions of the strip like water logged areas etc. While selecting the species of trees for landscaping, great care should be taken to choose the species, which already exist along the project corridor. Large and spreading shade trees, with thick foliage are proposed to provide much needed shade on glaring, hot roads during summer.

Evergreen trees do not have substantial leaf fall, which avoid the nuisance of clogging of lined drains. Similarly, green cover in the form of turfing stabilizes steep slopes and high embankments. A concept should be evolved so as to maintain visual characteristics and uniformity in terms of landscape along the stretch. In the absence of uniform land availability for the plantations, different schemes may be worked out in tune with the local variations in the design.

To achieve this, entire stretch of the project corridor should be divided into homogenous landscape sections based on similarity in terms of soil conditions, climate temperature and rainf?. A study on the local flora and vegetative cover native to these sections should be carried out as part of the field surveys to enable the choice of suitable species for particular section. For the sake of better road safety and for enhancing aesthetics, it has now been felt better to provide the shade plants in the last available row.

In the first or the only available row; and other intermediary rows, small to medium sized ornamental trees should be planted. Physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage and rooting characteristics, growth rate, canopy type and branching pattern are the major criteria in the selection of plantation type and density. The space available in the ROW is one major guiding factor for different themes of landscaping applied in the entire corridor.

In rural sections, the last row will always be of shade bearing tall trees. In case of urban and semi-urban areas, where because of land constraints, only one row of plantation possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade bearing species.

A combination of ornamental, shade and screening trees have been recommended. The number of rows and the repetition of the trees and their type vary with the landscape section, the typical cross-section and the space available in the ROW for tree plantation.

Table 1 and 2 list a few species, which can generally be planted throughout India for this purpose. Acacia auriculiformis Vilayati babool Sep-Oct. Bauhinia sps. Kachnar Feb-Mar. Delonix regia Gulmohar MayA'ellow 6. Peltophorum ferrugineum Peltophorum Oct. A'ellow 8. Water logged Cordia dicotma Lasoda 9. Terminalia arjuna Arjun Albizzia lebbek Kala siris 2. Dalbergia sissoo Shisham 3. Pongamia pinnata Kanji 6. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna The shade trees in the last available row should be planted at a spacing of 2 m.

These tree species should be of local significance and should be mostly evergreen in nature, which ensure no substantial leaf-fall in winters preventing the problem of blockage of roadside drains. Trees with the following characteristics will be planted as shade trees: i Trees with high crown forms secure better visibility and are therefore ideal. The tree species recommended as shade plants for roadside avenues are given in Table 3. These species can be planted almost though out India.

Region-wise specific lists have been provided in Annex A to F. It is recommended that local experts from the Forest Department and Horticulture Department should be consulted before finalizing the choice of species for a particular stretch. One to two rows of flowering shrubs will be provided according to the varying width of the median in different sections.

In sections where the median width is less than 1. Some herbaceous species may also be planted as a ground cover, not only on the medians but on special landscapes and embankment slopes also. The shrub species proposed in the median are mainly Bougainvillea and Thevetia nerifolia Kaner. However, other suitable species may be planted in consultation with the local horticulture specialists. Region-wise specific lists have been given in Annex A to F.

In most of the areas, the existing plantations along the highways have been notified as protected forests. For these areas, permission for tree cutting is required to be taken from the Forest Department under the Forest Conservation Act, While granting the permission, the Forest Department stipulates the conditions not only for compensatory afforestation but also for avenue plantations.

In these cases, the amount for plantation is deposited with the Forest Department and normally the work of avenue plantation is taken up by them. In these cases, as in the cases of bypasses also, the plantation may be taken either through the contractor if it is a BOQ item.

Forest Department as an agency for plantation, or, from a private contractor. Tall trees like Eucalyptus are not suitable except for waterlogged areas as they interfere with electric and telephone lines and are safety hazards on the road.

Medium trees like. Acacia auriculiformis, Gravillea robusta, are ideal for screening. Thorny trees like Acacia Arabica and Ber Zizyphus jujuba are avoided, as these create a nuisance for the pneumatic tyre of motor vehicles.

Some such trees are Pongamia sp.. Acacia auriculiformis and Gravillea robusta. Tall shrubs like Casia biflora, hamelia patens etc. Some areas have steep gradients that need intensive stone pitching treatment. In order to increase the structural stability, this type of treatments, plant materials such as shrubs and ground covers, can be introduced in the interstices.

They can be used with emphasis on their rooting characteristics, so that they help in binding the stone pitching treatments. In areas of high water table or water logging, special emphasis should be given on the selection of plant materials that can survive in moist conditions. The road acts as a bund and contributes to water logging in the region of high water table or the low lying nature of the terrain. Planting of such sites after proper drainage is now a common practice. Arjuna, Jamun and Eucalyptus are usually recommended for waterlogged areas.

Bamboos can also be planted in such areas. The species recommended for such soils include; Azadirachta indica, Ailanthus, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia, Albizzia lebbeck, A. In waterlogged areas, mound with height varying depending on water level No. The pits should be filled with the soil amender, Gypsum 1 to 3 kg per pit, depending on the pH along with 2 kg compost and sand.

The treatment helps in lowering down the pH and thus enabling better survival of plants. Protection Measures Locally available bamboo guards or thorn fencing should be used where protection can be ensured through them. The description and specifications for the iron and brick guards are as given in Figs, 29 to 31 Fig.

OR CM. This shall be built of bricks of class designation Bricks should comply with the specifications described in 6. The first two courses from bottom shall be built dry without mortar with the bricks laid close to each other, without honey-comb. Subsequent courses up to 0. Thereafter the top three courses shall be built without honey-combing, in lime surkhi mortar 1 cement mortar 1 cement 6 fine sand as directed in lime putty: 2 surkhi or in : the bottom most 2 courses and in the top most 3 courses.

Bricks in adjacent courses shall be laid with 10 cm laps. In the honey-combed portion of the work, the vertical edges of bricks in alternate courses shall be in the same line. The laps of bricks on either side of openings shall be equal.

The tree guards shall be formed of i 3 Nos. Outward at lower end upto an extent of 10 cm 3 Nos. Each ring shall be in two parts in the ratio of 1 :2 and their ends shall be turned in radially for a length of 4 cm at which they are bolted together with 8 mm diameter and 30 mm long MS bolts and nuts. RC:SP The vertical angle irons shall be welded to rings along the circumference.

The lower end of the angle iron verticals shall be splayed outwards upto an extent of 10 cm. The lower end of the flat of lower ring shall be at a height of 45 cm and upper end of the flat of top ring shall be at the height of 2. The middle ring shall be in the centre of top and lower ring.

The bars shall be welded to rings as shown The entire tree guard shall be in the drawing. The design of the tree guard shall be as shown in the drawing. The tree guard shall be formed of: I 3 Nos. II 3 Nos. Each ring of the tree 1. The vertical angle iron shall be welded to rings along the circumference.

Welded mesh shall be welded to rings in such a way so as to make it sufficiently strong. The lower end of the lower rings shall be at 45 cm height and middle ring shall be in the centre of the two. The entire tree guard shall be given two coats of paint of approved brand and of required shade over a priming coat of ready mixed primer of approved brand. The design of the tree guards shall be as shown in the drawing.

A five strand barbed wire fencing, with cross strands, stretched on angle iron poles fixed at a distance of 4 m from one another; is recommended. The grass and shrub planting is done to provide a strong surface cover but needs a well-prepared surface. All masses of loose debris should be removed. Any convexities should be removed and similarly any concavities are to be filled by good soil. The surface should have sufficient layer of good quality soil [upto 45 cm] so as to have better growth and survival of grasses and shrubs.

If grass is to be an effective form, then it must be allowed to establish properly on a slope which doss not subject it to undue stress from erosion and mass movement in its initial stages. The watering of the surface will be done by tankers till the onset of the monsoon.

It will also act as a screen to prevent glare from the incoming vehicles. In sections where median width Is less than 1J m, only grass turf is ricommended. One row of shrubs is recommended on medians of upto 3 m width. Two rows of shrubs should be planted on 4.

It etn withstand extreme ttmpertture and elimatie conditions and also has low requirement The spteies have bitn proposed of water. Howtvtr, other ipeeies listed in the ippendieei may also be ustd. The masses of loose debris on the median and any convexities should be removed and similarly any concavities should be filled by good soil. The surface should have sufficient layer of good quality soil so as to have a better growth and survival of grasses and shrubs.

Generally, plantations works are started In our country with the onset of monsoon. However, if it is possible to provide irrigation. It Is advisable to utilize the high temperatures of summers. Generally, plants respond well to Irrigation during peak summer seasons, as the conditions are very favourable for growth If moisture Is not the limiting factor, The iisential nutrient for plants are mostly transported by the water either by Itself or when water mixes with other eonstituenti like elemental, molecular or compound form.

Sometimes, may act as a bridge between two or more intra or inter-constituents which It will help to supply the desired nutrients from soil and also from atmosphere. The quantity of water requirement largely depends on the nature of species, soil quality, and depth of the first aquifer and on the ellmatle condition of that area, The relative humidity, ttmptriture, wind speed and wind direction have major role In this regard. The external supply of water is to be continued till the roots of that species may be able to absorb the required quantity of water from the soil strata.

The quantity and frequency of watering is given in Table 5. Maintenance of Plantation Height of plants It willdepend upon the soil and climatic conditions, besides the nature of the plant. The following maintenance measures are recommended: , i Regular maintenance of the barbed wire fencing or other fencing material used for protection ii Periodic pruning of trees planted in median so that branches do not spread on to the carriageway iii Casualty replacement of plants before monsoon i iv Clearing of weeds where grass is sown v Removal of unwanted dried leaves during the summer season to prevent fire hazard.

Thus, regular training and pruning by cutting and removal of undesired parts of twigs is required. This is done by cutting away all growth that does not come in the desired frame, shape and size.

These are further divided into branches, each making oval shape of 3 m dia in spread near the ground and 1. This process is completed in operations of cutting and pruning in first 2 years of growth. The sequence of training is shown through sketches in Fig. When the plants take their final size and shape, they are annually cut to this shape by pruning extra growth once or twice a year.

Care should be taken that bark of the plants is not damaged, ruptured, or peeled off. After deciding the framework to be retained, shoots should be cut back to desired size and shape. Generally, flowering buds are produced in month old shoots, which are usually cut away through repeated indiscriminate cutting without applying scientific principles of pruning. Time of pruning is very important and it dormancy i. However, light pruning and pinching of tips can be done any time when it becomes necessary due to other emergent reasons of safety and sanitation etc.

But it has been observed that if they grow to their optimum height and spread, they may cover approximately 8 to 10 m space, both in height and spread. Only those plants should be used in the median, which are not prone to cyclone damage. This causes damage to asphalted road and makes it more prone to accidents due to skidding and slippages when emergency brakes are applied. Trees already planted in the median, which are still young, should be trained as Topiary and Bonsais as an innovation in the highway landscaping.

These are highly developed art forms of gardening originated in Europe and Japan. Too many trees, apart from involving higher planting costs, very often unnecessarily reduce visibility for fast traffic.

Excessive dense avenues serve no useful purpose, apart from affecting the tree growth adversely, also reduces visibility and proves to be dangerous to fast moving traffic.

Growth of vegetation close on the road curves may lead to serious reduction of clear sight distance and may cause accidents. Such accidents can be easily avoided by avoiding planting on near the curves. Close spacing on curves and crossing can be dangerous. So best plan is not to plant the ornamental rows, and miss a tree or two of the shade row at such locations. Long rooted plants may also damage the carriageway. Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh 2. Azadirachta indica Neem 3.

Alstonia scholaris ' 4. Acacia auriculiformis 5. Butea monosperma Palas 6. Bombox ceiba ' 7. Cassia siamea Siamese Cassia 9. Calistemon viminaiis Bottle brush Calistemon citrinus Ceiba pentandra Cochlospermum religiosam Casuarina equisetifolia Dalbergia sissoo Sheesham Erythrina variegata Ficus sp Peepal, Bargad, Pakur, etc Gmelina arborea Gambhari Heterophragma adenophyllum Moringa oleifera Sahjan Melia azadirachta Bakain Millingtonia hortensis Plumerio sp.

Parkinsonia aculeata ' Syzygium cumini Tecoma undulata Rohira Tamarindus India Imli Terminalia sp. Bougainvellia Garden glory 2. Rapidly and efficiently calculate project parameters. Get everyone on the same page and streamline code research. Workflows Architects.

General Contractors. Code Consultants. Create a new project. Please contact support up. Error code: Code is easier working together. Working on a project with other people?

You can edit, iterate, and research collaboratively. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.

Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses.